Which of the following is considered an item of personal property that has become real property by being permanently affixed?

A fixture is considered an item of personal property that has become real property due to its permanent attachment to the land or a building. This transformation generally occurs when the item is affixed in such a way that it is intended to be a permanent part of the property, meaning it cannot be removed without causing damage to the property itself. Examples of fixtures include items like lighting fixtures, built-in appliances, and plumbing.

In the context of property law, fixtures are important because they are typically included in the sale of real estate, distinguishing them from personal property, which is movable and not considered part of the real estate. This distinction is crucial for real estate transactions, as it defines what remains with the property and what is considered personal property that can be removed.

Understanding the classification of fixtures is essential for appraisers, as they must accurately assess both the tangible property and the value it adds to real estate during appraisals. This knowledge helps ensure that appraisals are conducted fairly and reflect the true value of the property being assessed.